Budżet ogólny Unii Europejskiej
B. Niedzielski
ABSTRACT: In the system of public finances on the union level the central place is taken up by the general budget of the European Union. The amount of assets that are accumulated on it and then transferred to different entities of the Union's economic life define its relevance and importance for the governments of all the member states of the EU. One cannot be surprised by the fact that the budget of the European Union is a regular subject of a sharp political fight of the individual states, members of the EU. The matter connected with the amount of payments made to the Union's treasury by individual EU states creates particular kind of controversies. No state will agree to be a net payer of the Community for a longer period of time. What is more we start to observe a decline in the level of enthusiasm connected with admitting new countries to the group of EU member states. It is caused by the fact that enlarging the Union by new member states carries with it the necessity of spending a great amount of assets from the EU budget for financial support and development of economy of new member states which state and technological level is far even from the union's average. This situation makes the subject of the general budget of the European Union become a more and more discussed category of Union's state finances. In such a context then taking further steps and actions to reconstruct the budget and redefine some of its categories becomes essential. It is in no way an easy task, but necessary to carry out, because of ongoing unification processes in Europe as well as in the world. The present article is an attempt to present the whole structure of the EU budget as well as highlighting those of its elements that are the subject of most controversy.
Full text (PDF)
Issue number: 18
In this issue:
Dlaczego nie może być kapitalizmu bez bezrobocia
I. Timofiejuk
ABSTRACT |
PDF
This article deals with the question: can there be a capitalist economy without unemployment? The authors answer is: the rate of unemployment can be higher or lower, but there is no capitalist way of management without the existence of unemployment. This is an immanent law of capitalism. It is proven from a historical point of view: worlds economic history did not note a country or period that would not have unemployment. But it is also proven on a theoretical ground making use of statements by C. Marx from the first volume of Capital and stating a thesis that the process of capitalistic utilization of accumulation and transforming it into a growth of productive system resembles a permanent process of forging a movable fixed capital into a higher absorption of capital.
Budżet ogólny Unii Europejskiej
B. Niedzielski
ABSTRACT |
PDF
In the system of public finances on the union level the central place is taken up by the general budget of the European Union. The amount of assets that are accumulated on it and then transferred to different entities of the Union's economic life define its relevance and importance for the governments of all the member states of the EU. One cannot be surprised by the fact that the budget of the European Union is a regular subject of a sharp political fight of the individual states, members of the EU. The matter connected with the amount of payments made to the Union's treasury by individual EU states creates particular kind of controversies. No state will agree to be a net payer of the Community for a longer period of time. What is more we start to observe a decline in the level of enthusiasm connected with admitting new countries to the group of EU member states. It is caused by the fact that enlarging the Union by new member states carries with it the necessity of spending a great amount of assets from the EU budget for financial support and development of economy of new member states which state and technological level is far even from the union's average. This situation makes the subject of the general budget of the European Union become a more and more discussed category of Union's state finances. In such a context then taking further steps and actions to reconstruct the budget and redefine some of its categories becomes essential. It is in no way an easy task, but necessary to carry out, because of ongoing unification processes in Europe as well as in the world. The present article is an attempt to present the whole structure of the EU budget as well as highlighting those of its elements that are the subject of most controversy.
Zastosowanie inteligentnych agentów w aplikacjach handlu elektronicznego: wirtualni asystenci
K. Kuligowska
ABSTRACT |
PDF
Intelligent agents-a large family of computer applications-allow to automatize a certain amount of tasks carried out starting from an easy macro in Excel or Word and as far as complex systems of artificial intelligence capable of learning while being used, detecting problems and formulating appropriate solutions for them.
Electronic agents are software performing specific tasks and possessing necessary knowledge to perform them, they can also cooperate with their surroundings as well as communicating with other agents.
From the moment internet spread on a world scale virtual assistants penetrate into everyday life, they play a more and more important role in e-commerce applications. They find a lot of significant usages in business, managing and processing information, managing business processes and participating in e-commerce. They give the user information through informal conversation and act as helpdesk accessible at every time of day or night, they answer recurring questions without fatigue, learning while performing the task-the more they are used the more effective they become. A product based on artificial intelligence best fits in a style of work such as this.
